| weathering | physical weathering | freeze-and-thaw |
| ice wedging | abrasion | chemical weathering |
| dissolve (in water) | react (with acid) | erosion |
| agents of erosion | running water | ice (glaciers) |
| wind | waves | gravity |
| landform | watershed | channel shape |
| discharge | gradient | V-shaped valley |
| meander | stream drainage patterns | glaciers |
| U-shaped valleys | till | erratic |
| drumlins | parallel scratches in bedrock | grooves in bedrock |
| finger lakes | kettle lakes | moraine |
| outwash plain | beaches | barrier islands |
| sandbars | hooks (spits) | longshore current |
| deposition | delta | mountains |
| plain | plateau | valleys |
| ridges | escarpments | soils |
| topographic maps | contours | profile |
